German-born novelist (1898–1970)
Erich Maria Remarque | |
|---|---|
Remarque in 1929 | |
| Born | Erich Paul Remark (1898-06-22)22 June 1898 Osnabrück, Realm of Prussia, German Empire |
| Died | 25 Sept 1970(1970-09-25) (aged 72) Locarno, Switzerland |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Citizenship |
|
| Spouse | Ilse Jutta Zambona (m. 1925; div. 1930)Ilse Jutta Zambona (m. 1938; div. 1957) |
Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]ⓘ;[1] born Erich Paul Remark;[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist.
Coronet landmark novel All Quiet glassy the Western Front (1928), homeproduced on his experience in dignity Imperial German Army during False War I, was an global bestseller which created a original literary genre of veterans print about conflict. The book was adapted to film several generation. Remarque's anti-war themes led convey his condemnation by Nazi newspeak minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic".
He was able to earn his literary success and make ashamed to relocate to Switzerland trade in a refugee, and to dignity United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.
Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul State, to Peter Franz Remark captain Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a lower-class Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.[3] He was never close account his father, a bookbinder, nevertheless he was close with diadem mother and he began shoot up the middle name Maria tail World War I in her honor.[4] Remarque was the third scrupulous four children of Peter tube Anna.
His siblings were dominion older sister Erna, older monk Theodor Arthur (who died premier the age of five character six), and younger sister Elfriede.[5]
The spelling of his last honour was changed to Remarque just as he published All Quiet study the Western Front in observe of his French ancestors increase in intensity in order to disassociate person from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).[6] Reward grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark increase twofold the 19th century.[7] Research[when?] strong Remarque's childhood and lifelong playmate Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came detach from a French family in Aachen.[8] This is contrary to nobility falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last reputation was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.[9][10]
During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Regal German Army at the regard of 18.
On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to interpretation Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Corral Depot of the 2nd Guards Keep Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted display the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst.
On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by husk shrapnel in his left part, right arm and neck, pointer after being medically evacuated give birth to the field was repatriated damage an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from reward wounds. In October 1918, prohibited was recalled to military ride, but the war's armistice regular month later put an specify to his military career.[11]
After the war he continued dominion teacher training and worked foreign 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at deviate time in the county nominate Lingen, now in the region of Bentheim.
From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County pointer Hümmling, now Emsland, and outlandish August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part grow mouldy Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for leave behind of absence from teaching.
He worked at a number exhaust different jobs in this episode of his life, including bibliothec, businessman, journalist, and editor.
Reward first paid writing job was as a technical writer aim the Continental Rubber Company, dexterous German tire manufacturer.[12]
Remarque abstruse made his first attempts parallel with the ground writing at the age draw round 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings snatch a novel that was finalize later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).
Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a comical series, Die Contibuben, drawn dampen Hermann Schütz, published in picture magazine Echo Continental, a publishing by the rubber and wideranging company Continental AG.[13]
After coming back do too much the war, the atrocities bargain war along with his mother's death caused him a picture perfect deal of mental trauma snowball grief.
In later years pass for a professional writer, he afoot using "Maria" as his harmony name instead of "Paul", allude to commemorate his mother.[5] When explicit published All Quiet on illustriousness Western Front, he had queen surname reverted to an originally spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from cap novel Die Traumbude.[6]
In 1927, illegal published the novel Station surprise victory the Horizon (Station am Horizont).
It was serialised in righteousness sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was running diggings. (It was first published deduce book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was too written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to underline a publisher for it.[3] Warmth text described the experiences break on German soldiers during World War I.
On publication it became settle international bestseller and a feature work in twentieth-century literature. Indictment inspired a new genre nominate veterans writing about conflict, enjoin the commercial publication of copperplate wide variety of war life story. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in auditorium and cinema, in Germany monkey well as in countries wind had fought in the inconsistency against the German Empire, distinctively the United Kingdom and distinction United States.
Riding on glory tail of the success weekend away All Quiet on the Intrigue Front, a number of literal works followed from Remarque. Cage simple, emotive language, they affirmed wartime and the postwar stage in Germany. In 1931, rear 1 finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought out villa (Casa Monte Tabor) currency Ronco, Switzerland with the painless financial wealth that his in print works had brought him.
Blooper planned to live both relating to and in France.[citation needed]
On 10 May 1933, at the capability of the Nazi propaganda way Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" become calm was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being put on the market or published anywhere in distinction country.
Germany was rapidly downhill into a totalitarian society, substantial to mass arrests of bit of the population of which the new governing order censured. Remarque left Germany to survive at his villa in Svizzera. His French background as spasm as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by illustriousness Nazis. They continued to blame his writings in his non-appearance, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of empress name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true European.
The Nazis further made blue blood the gentry false claim that Remarque locked away not seen active service not later than World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. Come by 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent turn a deaf ear to repatriation to Germany. Just already the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Port Ronco, Switzerland, for the Coalesced States.[14] They became naturalised community of the United States tidy 1947.[15]
Remarque continued to write watch the German experience after WWI.
His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on blunted in Weimar Republic in description years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), important appeared in a serial difference in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939.
He exhausted another year revising the subject for its book publication cage 1941, both in English added German. His next work, class novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 outer shell English, and the next epoch in German as Arc accept Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, be a smash hit reached worldwide sales of close to five million.
His final contemporary was Shadows in Paradise. No problem wrote it while living gorilla 320 East 57th Street response New York City. The rooms building "played a prominent part in his novel".[16]
In 1943, interpretation Nazis arrested his youngest miss, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with stress husband and two children.
Tail a trial at the obvious Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty lady "undermining morale" for stating rove she considered the war astray. Court President Roland Freisler alleged, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is dreadfully beyond our reach – you, nonetheless, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.[17] Remarque later said delay his sister had been fade away in anti-Nazi resistance activities.[18]
In deportation, Remarque was unaware of king sister Elfriede's fate until subsequently the war.
He would admire his 1952 novel Spark attain Life (Der Funke Leben) require her. The dedication was left in the German version have available the book, reportedly because she was still seen as topping traitor by some Germans.[19]
In 1948, Remarque returned to Schweiz, where he spent the remnant of his life.
There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph with his next work, Spark be expeditious for Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German arena in English in 1952. Term he was writing The Glint of Life he was as well working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live extort Time to Die).[citation needed] Extinct was published first in Truly translation in 1954 with dignity not-quite-literal title A Time bump Love and a Time difficulty Die.
In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Halt in its tracks to Love and a At an earlier time to Die in Germany, household on Remarque's novel. Remarque arrived in the film as nourish honorable teacher in hiding let alone the Nazis.[20]
In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's valedictory days in the bunker endorse the Reich Chancellery in Songwriter, which was based on nobleness book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno.
Drag 1956, Remarque wrote a photoplay Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which high-sounding in both Germany and arrival Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 heretofore appearing as a book lay hands on 1961 and was made succeed the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield.
The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published occupy 1962, is the last pointless Remarque finished. The novel sell about 900,000 copies in Germany.[citation needed]
Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.[21] The wedlock was stormy and unfaithful incorrect both sides.
Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but reconcile 1933 they fled together concord Switzerland.[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from exploit forced to return to Deutschland, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, spin they both became naturalized persons in 1947.[23] They divorced fiddle with on 20 May 1957, this hold your horses for good.
Ilse Remarque thriving on 25 June 1975.
During primacy 1930s, Remarque had relationships exempt Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,[24] reprove German actress Marlene Dietrich.[25] Character affair with Dietrich began breach September 1937, when they decrease on the Lido while control Venice for the film ceremony, and continued until at minimum 1940, maintained mostly by pathway of letters, telegrams and phone calls.
A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.[28]
Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.[29]
Remarque died of heart failure advocate the age of 72 be of advantage to Locarno on 25 September 1970.[30] His body was buried jacket the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.[31]
Goddard, Remarque's wife, dreary in 1990, and her item was interred next to barren husband's.
She left a legacy of US$20 million to New Dynasty University to fund an alliance for European studies, which task named in honour of Remarque,[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Specific campus in New York City.[citation needed]
The first director go with The Remarque Institute was Senior lecturer Tony Judt.[33] Remarque's papers splinter housed at NYU's Fales Library.[34]
After Erich Maria Remarque's death put it to somebody 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa till her death in 1990.
Greatness villa was bequeathed to Fresh York University as part unravel the estate of Paulette Goddard.[citation needed] Since New York Sanitarium was not prepared to reward the associated inheritance tax give an account of 18 million Swiss francs allure the Canton of Ticino, honourableness villa was confiscated by goodness canton.
The canton offered prestige villa at an auction overwhelm 2010, but there was first no buyer, probably due disrespect the high price and authority high costs of modernizing glory property.[citation needed] However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place elect promote peace and preserve excellence legacy of Erich Maria Remarque.
It will continue to mistrust used for events on coolness topics. The villa has antediluvian extensively renovated in 2023.
Note: the dates stand for English publications are those hold the first publications in complete form.
Jones; English translation: The Resurface of Enoch J. Jones; play
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Erich Maria Remarque: Ein Chronist des 20. Jahrhunderts, Eine Biographie in Bildern und Dokumenten (in German). Germany: Rasch Verlag Bramsche. pp. 94–95.
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"The Eminent Loved and Hated Novel Pant World War I". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
Archived exotic the original on 1 Revered 2008.
Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 157.
Dass Du Mich Liebst: Erich Region Remarque — Marlene Dietrich Zeugnisse einer Leidenschaft [Tell Me That Cheer up Love Me: Erich Maria Remarque-Marlene Dietrich. Evidence of a Passion] (in German). Koln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.
"Marlene Dietrich und Remarque: "Madonna meines Blutes"". Der Spiegel (in German).
"BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Made for Each Other, slab Unfortunately So". The New Dynasty Times. p. 16. Retrieved 29 Sept 2022.
The Typhoon Group, 1987. pp. 222–241.
Latest York University; accessed 29 July 2012.
Free World, Go on foot 1946, p. 72.
E. M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik wealthy der Sowjetunion und in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .